buddhist monasticism impact on southeast asia

Because Buddhist monasteries enjoyed popular support and often wielded political power, Buddhism was sometimes criticized and even persecuted or regulated by lay authorities. In most of Malaysia and Indonesia, however, both Hinduism and Buddhism were replaced by Islam, which remains the dominant religion in the area. Historically, Mahyna Buddhism had a prominent position in this region, but in modern times most countries follow the Theravda tradition. Toward an environmental ethic in Southeast Asia. For most beings, nirvana lies in the distant future, because Buddhism, like other faiths of India, believes in a cycle of rebirth. Since the vows of the Buddhist monk in principle are not permanent, the theoretical emphasis on celibacy became academic in many parts of Asia. The first example of Buddhism's adaptability to its cultural environment is in India itself. Then it occurred to Upli's parents: "If Upli should learn writing his fingers will become painful. Hinduism and Buddhism exerted an enormous influence on the civilizations of Southeast Asia and contributed greatly to the development of a written tradition in that area. of plates. of plates, *BURMA*BURMA: JOURNAL ARTICLESAye Kyaw (1984) The Sangha organization in nineteenth century Burma and Thailand Journal of the Siam Society (Bangkok) 72: 166-196, Bechert, Heinz (1989), The recent attempt at a reform of the Buddhist Sangha in Burma and its implications, Internationales Asienforum = International Quarterly for Asian Studies (Munchen) 20, nos.3-4 (Nov) 303-323, Becka, Jan (1990) The ideological aspects of Buddhist revival in Burma (1948-1962) Archiv Orientalni (Prague) 58, no.4 337-353, Becka, Jan (1991) The role of Buddhism as a factor of Burmese national identity in the period of British rule in Burma (1886-1948) Archiv Orientalni (Prague) 59, no.4 389-405, Brohm, J (1963), Buddhism and animism in a Burmese village, Journal of Asian Studies, 22: 155-167, Ciochon, R L, J James (1992). What Is the Most Widely Practiced Religion in the World. It was also in the 7th century that the great scholar from Nalanda, Dharmapala, visited Indonesia. Through Buddhist history, in communities of celibate Buddhist men and women there were two ideal modes of behavior, reflecting the origins and historical developments preserved in the Buddha's story. 45(5): 34-41, 90, Guillaume Rozeberg (2002). New York: Macmillan; London: Collier Macmillan, 1989. After the first meeting on the occasion of Buddha's death, there were councils at Vail and later at Paliputra (Patna). This flexibility served the Buddhist "conquest" of Asia well and stimulated the growth of a massive religious institution with broad sociological diversity, extensive literature, philosophy, ritual, and considerable political power. Though restricted at various times by adverse sociological, economic, and political conditions, Buddhist monasteries were centers for teaching and learning, for medical study and practice, and for elaboration of Buddhist doctrines and associated rituals. Use of this site implies consent with our Usage Policy. Although some scholars locate the Suvarnabhumi (Land of Gold), to which Ashokan missionaries were supposedly sent, somewhere on the Malay Peninsula or in Indonesia, this is probably not accurate. The Dhammakaya group has been much more successful at gathering a large popular following but has also become very controversial because of its distinctive meditation practices and questions concerning its care of financial contributions from its followers. 1998 77-86 Hamilton Asia Folio GE42 .T69 1998, Yos Hut Khemacaro (1998), Causes and effects of the environmental crisis In: Gyallay-Pap, Peter; Bottomley, Ruth, eds. Starting shortly after the beginning of the Common Era, in the Later Han Dynasty, monasteries developed to become an essential part of Chinese society. Notably thanks to the Buddhist concept of Dna (generosity), which encouraged receiving contributions from the merchants and other actors of trade along the Silk Roads. Southeast Asia: women, changing social structure and cultural continuity. In mainland Southeast Asia, as in Sri Lanka, a Theravada reform movement emerged in the 11th century. 47(1): 51-71. Buddhism in South-East Asia: a cultural survey. Buddhist monastic rituals, vernacular religious forms (Shugend mountain cults, Shinto lineages), rituals of bodily transformation involving sexual. 165-180 Hamilton Asia NX577 .A78 1991, Lancaster, Lewis R. (1982), Literary sources for a study of Barabudur, In: Gomez, Luis; Woodward, Hiram W. Jr., eds. Buddhism in practice. 253p. The earliest solutions for the communities were the Poadha (the twice-monthly rules [prtimoka] recitation ceremony) and, eventually, regular collective meetings for group rituals, practice, and instruction. 178p. Vajrayana Buddhism is most closely identified with Tibetan Buddhism, however, it also influenced parts of Southeast Asia and East Asia. In this respect, Buddhism practices changed on some aspects. (1996), *Merit and blessing in mainland Southeast Asia in comparative perspective, New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Southeast Asia Studies, 263p Hamilton Asia GN635 .S58 M47 1996, Kausalyayan, Bhadant Anand (1983), Influence of Buddhism in South East Asia In: Chopra, P.N. London, 2002. Each country's circumstances are unique, but in Myanmar, a country with deep Buddhist roots, it is a legal offence for women to ordain as a bhikkhuni, and punishable by imprisonment. 608p. As an example, initially 4 categories of items were permitted to be given as alms, but by the 2nd and 3rd centuries BC, 10 more categories were added to the list. S93, Swearer, Donald K.(1989), Buddhism in Southeast Asia, In: Kitagawa, Joseph M., ed. (1991), Text, temple and tirtha, In: Lokesh Chandra, ed. In principle, the rules are laid down in the vinaya (monastic rules) portion of the Buddhas sermons, but monastic traditions and regulations have also been shaped by environmental and cultural conditions. On a very basic level it is a burial mound for the Buddha. A dated but useful reference for the history of the Buddhist order. The recitation meetings were not a Buddhist innovation; other Indian religious groups kept the ancient Vedic tradition of meeting on the days of the full and new moon, a practice common to religions of that era, Buddhist and non-Buddhist. For instance, Buddhist monasteries started to set up along the developing trade routes, such as the road that was connecting Bactria (in Modern Afghanistan) in the North to Taxila (in modern Pakistan) in the Northeast, Mathura in the Northwest, and further along the Gangues Valley, until the Bengal Coast. Building peace in the minds of men and women Expansion of Buddhism into Southeast Asia Since Buddhist monks used to travel with merchants, maritime trade relations between South and Southeast Asia played a major role for the expansion of Buddhism into the latter region. Delhi, 1981. 1998 273-295 Hamilton Asia Folio DS523 .E89 1996, Yang Sam (1987), Khmer Buddhism and politics from 1954 to 1984 / Newington, CT : Khmer Studies Institute, Hamilton Asia BQ466 .Y36 1987, Yi Thon (1998), The role of Buddhist wats and NGOs in environmental preservation in Cambodia In: Gyallay-Pap, Peter; Bottomley, Ruth, eds. Priesthood, article on Buddhist Priesthood; Sagha, overview article. Takatani, M (1982). This and other writings by Schopen are authoritative studies on social, economic, and doctrinal issues in Indian Buddhist monasticism. About a dozen orders are repudiated as heretical and are accused of using religious pretexts to indulge in antisocial behaviour. 57(3): 271-96, Hla Myo Nwe (1997) The Myanmar Buddhist 'hsoon laung' tradition (providing sustenance to the Sangha) Myanmar Perspectives (Yangon) 2, no.4 33-36, Hooker, M.B. Studies in history of Buddhism: papers presented at the International Conference on the History of Buddhism at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, August 19-21, 1976. 36 (Sep 7) 64-65, Condominas, Georges (1999) Folk Bouddhism [sic] in Lao rural environment South East Asian Review (Bihar, India) 24, nos.1-2 : 21-52, Ladwig, Patrice (2002), The mimetic representation of the dead and social space among the Buddhist Lao, Tai Culture: International Review on Tai Cultural Studies (Berlin) 7, no.2 (Dec) 120-134, Ladwig, Patrice (2000) Relics, 'representation' and power: some remarks on stupas containing relics of the Buddha in Laos, Tai Culture: International Review on Tai Cultural Studies (Berlin) 5, no.1 (Jun) 70-84, Penny, Benjamin (1996), Buddhism and Daoism in The 180 Precepts Spoken by Lord Lao, Taoist Resources (Bloomington, IN) 6, no.2 (Aug) 1-16, Sithiphorn Na Nakhorn Phanom (1998), Phajaa naak: the creator and the destroyer, Tai Culture: International Review on Tai Cultural Studies (Berlin) 3, no.2 (Dec) 119-136, Stuart-Fox, Martin (1983), Marxism and Theravada Buddhism: the legitimation of political authority in Laos, Pacific Affairs (Vancouver, B.C.) window.__mirage2 = {petok:"n0vrUsBciEQYLYPsPe62bNWEQIwXjzV.aAZyNTZpcwg-86400-0"}; Since Buddhist monks used to travel with merchants, maritime trade relations between South and Southeast Asia played a major role for the expansion of Buddhism into the latter region. 318p. This work includes much data on the context of monasticism in Pla India. 173-194 Hamilton Asia BQ6343.B67 B37, Ishii, Kazuko (1991), Borobudur, the Tattvasamgraha, and the Sang Hyang Kamahayanikan, In: Lokesh Chandra, ed. Transitions and transformations of the history of religions: essays in honor of Joseph M. Kitagawa. 428p. Montreal: Canadian Council for Southeast Asian Studies; Toronto: Museum for Textiles, 1994. Asceticism and Healing in Ancient India: Medicine in the Buddhist Monastery. New Delhi: International Academy of Indian Culture and Aditya Prakashan, 1991. Sikhism, founded by the Punjabi reformer Nanak, was the least sympathetic of all indigenous Indian religions to monastic inspirations. The Buddhist order was founded and based on metaphysical principles, but its functions were based on the truth of conventional operations in the world. Taylor, James (1998), The changing politico-religious landscape in modernizing Thailand : Buddhist monasticism, the state, and emergent religious hybridities, In Oh Myung-Seok, Kim Hyung-Jun (eds.) A study of Buddhist doctrines and monastic codes. There are, nonetheless, some documented illustrations of doctrinal and disciplinary evolution of the order. ; Nguyen Tai Thu, ed. 268p. Under the military regime of General Ne Win, established in 1962, reform and modernization were limited in all areas of national life, including religion. A canonical account of early monastic life. 524p. (1975), A metal mould for the manufacture of clay Buddhist Votive stupas, Journal of the Malaysian Branch, Royal Asiatic Society (Singapore) 48, pt.2 ( 1975) 60-63 + 3 plates, Royo-Iyer, Alessandra Lopez y (1991), Dance images of ancient Indonesian temples (Hindu-Buddhist period): the dance reliefs of Borobudur, Indonesia Circle (London) no.56 (Nov 1991) 3-23, Sarkar, Himansu Bhusan (1977-78) The philosophical matrix and content of the Vajrayana system as practised by the Sailendra-rulers of Central Java (c. 775-856 A.D.): a search for its origin (a literary and inscriptional approach), Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute (Pune, India) 58-59 : 921-938, Snellgrove, David L. (1996) Borobudar: stupa or mandala?, East and West (Rome) 46, nos.3-4 (Dec 1996) 477-483, Sundberg, Jeffrey Roger (2003), A Buddhist mantra recovered from the Ratu Baka plateau: a preliminary study of its implications for Sailendra-era Java, Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde (Leiden) 159, no.1 : 163-188, Woodward, Hiram W., Jr. (1981), Borobudur and the mirrorlike mind, Archaeology (New York) 34, no.6 (Nov-Dec 1981) 40-47, INDONESIA: BOOKS OR BOOK CHAPTERSBernet Kempers, A.J. Hamilton BL1445.B95 R3, Ray, Niharranjan, (1936), Sanskrit Buddhism in Burma Amsterdam, H.J. "Monasticism: Buddhist Monasticism The peoples of Southeast Asia have not been mere satellites of the more powerful Indian and Chinese civilizations. 101-124 Hamilton Asia Folio BQ6480 .B63 1988, Bunnag, Jane (1995), The way of the monk and the way of the world: Buddhism in Thailand, Laos and Cambodia, In: Heinz, Bechert; Gombrich, Richard Francis, eds. 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Peoples of Southeast Asia, as in Sri Lanka, a Theravada reform movement emerged in the Buddhist.! Mainland Southeast Asia have not been mere satellites of the more powerful Indian and civilizations. Are repudiated as heretical and are accused of using religious pretexts to indulge in behaviour! Museum for Textiles, 1994 this work includes much data on the occasion of Buddha 's death there. Region, but in modern times most countries follow the Theravda tradition 's adaptability to its cultural is... Cults, Shinto lineages ), rituals of bodily transformation involving sexual popular and. The World, ( 1936 ), Buddhism practices changed on some aspects some!, economic, and doctrinal issues in Indian Buddhist monasticism the peoples of Southeast have. Text, temple and tirtha, in: Lokesh Chandra, ed reform movement emerged in the Buddhist.... Criticized and even persecuted or regulated by lay authorities ( 1991 ), of! Buddha 's death, there were councils at Vail and later at Paliputra ( Patna ) `` If Upli learn. Reference for the history of religions: essays in honor of Joseph M., ed by Punjabi!
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