(1889) John E. Bruce, Organized Resistance Is Our Best Remedy, (1895) Booker T. Washington, The Atlanta Compromise Speech, African American History: Research Guides & Websites, Global African History: Research Guides & Websites, African American Scientists and Technicians of the Manhattan Project, Envoys, Diplomatic Ministers, & Ambassadors, Foundation, Organization, and Corporate Supporters. Cooper then goes on to argue that education and . [4] Anna Julia Cooper. In 1886, at the age of twenty-eight, Anna Julia Cooper stood before the black male clergy of the Protestant Episcopal Church and argued that the issues affecting black women and poor and working-class African Americans needed to be placed at the center of racial uplift efforts. Anna Julia Cooper, Visionary Black Feminist: A Critical Introduction. Nneka D Dennie. [15] Vivian M. May. 636), Genre: "The two sources from which, perhaps, modern civilization has derived its noble and ennobling ideal of woman are Christianity and the Feudal System." Her most famous work, A Voice from the South: By a Woman from the South, discussed and challenged these issues in detail and was widely praised for its analysis and conclusions when it was published in 1892. Reprint, New York: Oxford University Press, 1988. Anna Julia Cooper was an African American woman of the 19th century. She became the fourth African American woman to earn a doctoral degree, earning a PhD in history from the University of Paris-Sorbonne. Routledge, 2007. The Gain from a Belief 318 The Voice of Anna Julia Cooper: Including A Voice from the South and Other Important Essays, Papers, and Letters. African American woman in the United States to earn a PhD. Cooper in many ways epitomized that progress. In Woman Versus the Indian, Cooper responds to an essay of the same name by Ann Shaw. Anna Julia Cooper, Visionary Black Feminist: A Critical Introduction. Ritchie, Joy and Kate Ronald. At age 57, and while she was studying for her Ph.D., she adopted five young children of a deceased nephew. Her dissertation was titled L'attitude de la France l'gard l'esclavage pendant la revolution and was subsequently translated into English by Frances Richardson Keller . At various points in the essay, Cooper makes reference to various writers and philosophers, including Madame de Stal, Tacitus, and Lord Byron. The old, subjective, stagnant, indolent and wretched life for woman has gone. [12] Essentially, Cooper is saying that the education of women frees them from the expectations that society has already placed on them, and this coincides with the liberation themes explained by May. Mrs. Coppin will, I hope, herself tell you something of her own magnificent creation of an industrial society in Philadelphia. We honor Dr. Anna Julia Cooper as an ancestor for her tireless work to re-center and uplift the voice of Black women in a pursuit of a more just society for everyone. In "Womanhood: A Vital Element in the Regeneration and Progress of a Race" (1886), Cooper says, "Now the fundamental agency under God in the regeneration, the retraining of the race, as well as the ground work and starting point of its progress upward, must be the black woman" (1998:62/1886). It is in this essay that her quote in the US Passport appears: The cause of freedom is not the cause of a race or a sect, a party or a classit is the cause of humankind, the very birthright of humanity. [ii]The very next sentence after the above quote reads: Now unless we are greatly mistaken the Reform of our day, known as the Womens Movement, is essentially such an embodiment, if its pioneers could only realize it. Born a slave, Anna Julia Haywood Cooper would go on to become the fourth African American woman to earn a doctoral degree. Cooper earned a bachelor of arts degree, and a masters degree in mathematics, from Oberlin. Routledge, 2007. Who is Anna Julia Cooper? She received a scholarship to St. Augustine's Normal School. The historical framework she builds leads to her main point in Womanhood the position of woman in society determines the vital elements of its regeneration and progress (Cooper, 21). In 1902 Cooper was named principal of the M Street High School. (pg. What do you think would have been the gender composition of her audience? Born into slavery in 1858, she became the fourth African American woman to earn a doctoral degree when she received her Ph.D. in history. [5] Anna Julia Cooper. Central to her argument was the point that Black women had a unique standpoint from which to observe and contribute to society. course to women, and are broad enough not to erect barriers against colored applicants, Oberlin, the first to open its doors to both woman and the negro, has given classical degrees to six colored women, one of whom, the first and most eminent, Fannie Jackson Coppin, we shall listen to tonight. Undaunted, Cooper continued her career as an educator, teaching for four years at Lincoln University, a historically black college in Jefferson City, Missouri. "It is she who must first form the man by directing the earliest impulses of character." COOPER, Anna Julia. Featured Image: Dr. Anna Cooper in parlor of 201 T Street, N.W., then the Registrars Office of Frelinghuysen University. In it, she engages a variety of issues ranging from women's rights to racial progress, from segregation to literary criticism. Black Women in America: Volume I. P. 308-311. Cooper was also the first woman and the first African American woman resident of Washington D.C. to earn a PhD from the Sorbonne, as well as the first African American woman born a slave to do a doctoral defense at the Sorbonne. When her husband died two years later, Cooper decided to pursue a college degree. "Womanhood: A Vital Element in the Regeneration and Progress of a Race" by Anna Julia Cooper December 5, 2016 Professor Erica Horhn Prepared by Girmonice Urie What is the Background? What is it? Anna Julia Cooper, Visionary Black Feminist: A Critical Introduction. All footnotes are inserted at the point of reference within paragraphs. As a teacher and later principal of The M Street High School the countrys first high school for black students Cooper set academic standards that enabled many students to win scholarships to Ivy League colleges. What is it? This project was made possible through the National Park Service in part by a grant from the National Park Foundation and the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. Edited by Charles Lemert and Esme Bhan, Rowan & Littlefield, 1998. [8] She later goes on to argue that women add a perspective that is needed in many academic and spiritual areas, saying Religion, science, art, economics, have all needed the feminine flavor; and literature, the expression of what is permanent and best in all of these, may be gauged at any time to measure the strength of the feminine ingredient (Cooper, 76). During: Why did she feel the need to utilize religion? Womanhood a vital element in the regeneration and progress of a race -- The higher education of woman -- "Woman vs. the Indian" -- The status of woman in America -- Has America a race. Teach them that there is a race with special needs which they and only they can help; that the world needs and is already asking for their trained, efficient forces.[iii] The education of Black women and girls was necessary for the advancement of the race. The white Washington, D.C. school board disagreed with her educational approach for black students, which focused on college preparation, and she resigned in 1906. Cooper also established and co-founded several organizations to promote black civil rights causes. That year, at age 72, Cooper became president of Frelinghuysen University, a night school providing education for older, working African Americans. [3] Anna Julia Cooper. Two and one half million colored children have learned to read a write, and twenty two thousand nine hundred and fifty six colored men a women (mostly women) are teaching in these schools. Du Bois, and Booker T. Washington as well as activist Least of all can womans cause afford to decry the weak. On February 27, 1964, Cooper died in Washington, D.C. at the age of 105, having been an effective advocate for African-Americans from the post-slavery era to the civil rights movement. She says of this time, Respect for woman, the much lauded chivalry of the Middle Ages, meant what I fear it still means to some men in our own day respect for the elect few among whom they expect to consort (Cooper, 14). In 1930, Cooper retired from teaching to assume the presidency of Frelinghuysen University, a school for black adults. Using secondary sources by David Levering Lewis, Joy James, and more, I . ", Return to The Church in the Southern Black Community Home Page. Routledge, 2007. Learn more about her at the Anna Julia Cooper Center. Edited by JDavid, 1892, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Anna_J._Cooper_1892.jpg. To Muslims, heaven is for men where they are promised a virgin. In Anna Julia Cooper's A Voice From The South, there is a patriotic sentiment that reminds me of my own times. Cooper became a prominent member of the black community in Washington, D.C., serving as principal at M Street High School, during which time she wrote A Voice from the South. [9] Anna Julia Cooper. Coopers life of education started early, at the age of nine she received a scholarship to St. Augustine's Normal School. Anna Julia Cooper (1990). It seems that dominant perceptual screens are so tenacious, so resistant to shifting or bending, that Coopers roles has a philosopher, an activist, a civil rights leader, and a feminist continue to be routinely diminished or studiously ignored. After her husbands death, Cooper enrolled in Oberlin College in Ohio, graduating in 1884 with a B.S. As in an icicle the agnostic abides alone. In 1902, Cooper began a controversial stint as principal of M Street High School (formerly Washington Colored High). Vivian M. May. After that early realization, she spent the rest of her life advocating for the education of black women. St. . The Voice of Anna Julia Cooper: Including A Voice from the South and Other Important Essays, Papers, and Letters. Written in French, it was published in English as Slavery and the French Revolutionists, 17881805. After retiring as president in 1940, she served as registrar until 1950. On pages 31-33, Cooper expresses sentiments that we might hear echoed today. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. It is also one of the earliest articulations for intersectionalitythe process of understanding how the complex intersection between gender, race, and class impact individuals. The Church in the Southern Black Community. After the death of her brother in 1915, however, she postponed pursuing her doctorate in order to raise his five grandchildren. The University of Chicago Legal Forum 139-167. Anna Julia Haywood Cooper (August 10, 1858 - February 27, 1964) was an American author, educator, sociologist, speaker, Black liberation activist, and one of the most prominent African-American scholars in United States history.. Born into slavery in 1858, Cooper went on to receive a world-class education and claim power and prestige in academic and social circles. She received a scholarship to St. Augustine's Normal School. 2015. There, she insisted on pursuing the more rigorous gentlemans course instead of the basic two-year ladies course.. Cooper was the daughter of a slave woman and her white slaveholder (or his brother). Coopers mother, Hannah Stanley Haywood, was a slave, and her presumed father was her mothers master, George Washington Hayward. The cause of freedom is not the cause of a race or a sect, a party or a class - it is the cause of humankind, the very birthright of humanity. 94 Copy quote. Why does Cooper spend three pages writing about claims that Eastern cultures are oppressive to women? Marilyn Bechtel writes for Peoples World from the San Francisco Bay Area. Anna Julia Cooper was a Black educator and sociologist whose works contributed to Black feminism and the intersections of race, class, and gender. Edited by Charles Lemert and Esme Bhan, Rowan & Littlefield, 1998. This senior honors thesis evaluates the theories for racial progress put forth in A Voice from the South (1892) and The Souls of Black Folk (1903). She is considered by many scholars to be the "Mother of Black Feminism". BlackPast.org is a 501(c)(3) non-profit and our EIN is 26-1625373. Scurlock Studios/Smithsonian Shortly after graduating, Cooper moved to Washington and began. Anna Julia Cooper's, Womanhood a Vital Element in the Regeneration and Progress, an excerpt from A Voice from the South, discusses the state of race and gender in America with an emphasis on African American women of the south. Historically, Anna Julia Cooper was directly and indirectly engaged in debates about ideas related to race, gender, progress, leadership, education, justice, and rights in the late 19 th and early 20 th centuries with race men like Frederick Douglass, Martin Delany, Alexander Crummell, W.E.B. In The Status of Woman in America, Cooper discusses the US economy and the conditions of women. Anna Julia Cooper. Why or why not? As woman's influence as a political element is as yet nil in most of the . A bridge is no stronger than its weakest part, and a cause is not worthier an its weakest element. Does Cooper support providing educational opportunities to women? It is clear that Cooper is not interested in challenging the depiction of women's primary roles as mothers and wives who primarily work in the home. Routledge, 2007. [5] She then links the importance of women to the progress of society to the Black community: Now the fundamental agency under God in the regeneration, the re-training of the race, as well as the ground work and the start of its progress upward, must be the black woman (Cooper, 28). Anna Julia Cooper was the fourth African-American woman in the U.S. to earn a doctoral degree. The Voice of Anna Julia Cooper: Including A Voice from the South and Other Important Essays, Papers, and Letters. In addition to her scholarly activities, Cooper reared two foster children and five adoptive children on a teachers salary. It is widely considered to be the first book length articulation of Black feminist theory. Women become who they are thanks to the women directing their character. In 2009, Anna Julia Cooper became the 32nd person commemorated by the U.S. [7] Anna Julia Cooper. It requires the long and painful growth of generations. Jonathan Ogebe is a second year student at the University of Chicago majoring in Chemistry and minoring in Inequality, Social Problems, and Change. In her book, A Voice from the South, published in 1892, she wrote, womans cause is the cause of the weak; and when all the weak shall have received their due consideration, then woman will have her rights, and the Indian will have his rights, and the Negro will have his rights, and all the strong will have learned at last to deal justly, to love mercy, and to walk humbly . Rakeem Morris AA Studies & Political Thought Professor Ingrid 10/9/18 Anna Julia Cooper Readings, Thoughts, and Anna Cooper, "Womanhood a Vital Elementin the Regeneration and Progress of a Race" What is Anna Cooper's audience, and is her argument designed to appeal to its members? Pinko1977. Anna Julia Cooper (1858 - 1964) was a visionary black feminist leader, educator, intellectual, and activist. He is involved in many organizations on campus, including Benzene (the chemistry society on campus), Students for Disability Justice, and Active Minds, a mental health advocacy group on campus. [1], Anna Julia Coopers work, A Voice from the South: By a Woman from the South (shortened to Voice in this post) is widely considered to be her most famous work due to its role in establishing Black feminism and adding to the field of sociology through the theories that she proposed about the condition of Black people (specifically Black women) in the United States, and in the South. In 1911 Cooper began studying part-time for a doctoral degree. She lived a life that redefined societys limitations and opportunities for Black women. All hope in the grand possibilities of life are blasted. Open Preview. But as Frederick Douglass had said in darker days than those, One with God is a majority, and our ignorance had hedged us in from the fine spun theories of agnostics. Who was Anna Julia Cooper? At the same time that they were instrumental advocates of the work of many African American women, they also gained greater access to and accrued more power in the public domain as men. Cooper is particularly critical of white womens racism, especially in organizations that proclaimed to advocate for the rights of all women. The Voice of Anna Julia Cooper: Including A Voice from the South and Other Important Essays, Papers, and Letters. (May 173-174)[14]. It is enough for me to know that while in the eyes of the highest tribunal in America she was deemed no more than a chattel, an irresponsible thing, a dull block, to be drawn hither or thither at the volition of an owner, the Afro American woman maintained ideals of womanhood unshamed by any ever conceived. Funds were too limited to be divided on sex lines, even had it been ideally desirable; but our girls as well as our boys flocked in and battled for an education. 643)- These two qualities can halt progress. The idea for a better status for women is in the Gospel in the Catholic Bible. Throughout college and her career as an educator, she pushed back against a host of different issues relating to the Black community including racism within education, within the Christian church in America, and sexism faced by women within the Black community. "Anna Julia Cooper" published on by null. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Chivalry has not helped increase the role of women in society. LEARN MORE:Anna Julia Cooper Project. A small donation would help us keep this available to all. May writes, Figures such as W.E.B. In the current U.S. Passport, several American men are quoted for their wise sayings, but Anna Julia Cooper is the only woman of any color who is quoted. View Essay - Anna Julia Cooper.docx from SOC MISC at Old Dominion University. Your email address will not be published. If one link of the chain be broken, the chain is broken. There she taught mathematics, science, and, later, Latin. She not only fought against these ideas, but she also published her thoughts about them in books and essays throughout her life. The woman conserves those deeper moral forces which make for the happiness of homes and the righteousness of the country. In given of the following sentence, underline the correct word or words in parentheses. She elaborates on this by describing the role of women in feudalist Europe. During the 1890s Cooper became involved in the black womens club movement. They were faced with what she argued was a woman question and a race problem, and as a result they were unknown or unacknowledged in both. Since the Young Womens Christian Association (YWCA) and the Young Mens Christian Association (YMCA) did not accept African American members, she created colored branches to provide support for young black migrants moving from the South into Washington, D.C. Cooper resumed graduate study in 1911 at Columbia University in New York City. http://www.cooperproject.org/about- anna-julia-cooper/, accessed April 28, 2020. Routledge, 2007. Coopers former home at 201 T St, N.W. Edited by Charles Lemert and Esme Bhan, Rowan & Littlefield, 1998. "The Needs and the Status of Black Women." Congress of Representative Women: Chicago World Columbian Exposition, 1893 (in Lemert and Bhan, see "Intellectual"). Now, I think if I could crystallize the sentiment of my constituency, and deliver it as a message to this congress of women, it would be something like this: Let womans claim be as broad in the concrete as in the abstract. Cooper's speech to this predominately white audience described the progress of African American women since slavery. DuBois, Carter G. Woodson, and Alain Locke are readily cited for their forethought and innovation, while Coopers work, for example, is rarely pointed to, much less acknowledged in a substantial wayBut of course, the very fact of their visibility was (and is) due in part to their masculinity. Routledge, 2007. Corrections? Cooper remained in that position until the school closed in 1950. She argues that Black men were aware of issues such as racial uplift but dropped back into 16th century logic when it came to the problems specific to Black women. She added, Womens wrongs are thus indissolubly linked with all undefended woe, and the acquirement of her rights will mean the final triumph of all right over might, the supremacy of the moral force of reason, and justice, and love in the government of the nations of the earth., Cooper wrote many essays and addressed a variety of audiences. The medical and law colleges of country are likewise bombarded by colored women, and every year some sister of the darker race claims their professional award of well done. Eminent in their profession are Doctor Dillon and Doctor James, and there sailed to Africa last month a demure little brown woman who had just outstripped a whole class of men in a medical college in Tennessee. Before Kimberle Crenshaw (1989) coined the term intersectionality and the Combahee River Collective released their 1977 statement, there was Dr. Anna Julia Haywood Cooper. (pg. Cooper opens "Womanhood: A Vital Element in the Regeneration and Progress of a Race" by invoking a common trope from the 18th and 19th centuries. Forego a bottle of soda and donate its cost to us for the information you just learned, and feel good about helping to make it available to everyone. [8] Anna Julia Cooper. In 1925, at the age of 67, Cooper became the fourth African American woman to obtain a doctorate of philosophy. One Phase of American Literature What are we Worth? She addressed a wide variety of groups, including the National Conference of Colored Women in 1895 and the first Pan-African Conference in 1900. What did England hope to gain through mercantilism? According to the book Anna Julia Cooper, Visionary Black Feminist: A Critical Introduction by Vivian M. May, Anna Julias works contain eleven themes that are considered core ideas within the field of Black feminism. Available Means: An Anthology of Womens Rhetoric(s). [14] Vivian M. May. Womens club members were generally educated middle-class women who believed that it was their duty to help less-fortunate African Americans. May, Vivian. degrees at Oberlin and in 1925 at that age of 67 she received a Ph.D. at the Sorbonne in Paris. In the eyes of men, they were objects of desire, people to be praised and valued for their beauty, and for the possibility of having children, but nothing else. The women of the Washington branch of the league have subscribed to a fund of about five thousand dollars to erect a womans building for educational and industrial work, which is also to serve as headquarters for gathering and disseminating general information relating to the efforts of our women. QUOTATION: It is not the intelligent woman v. the ignorant woman; nor the white woman v. the black, the brown, and the red, it is not even the cause of woman v. man. Persevering, 11 years later in 1925, Cooper was able to transfer her PhD credits from Columbia and earn her PhD at the University of Paris in History. Despite this, Cooper was successful in petitioning to take these classes at St. Augustine, and after graduating, she was accepted to Oberlin College, a liberal arts institution, enrolling in the B.A. She helped found the Colored Womens League in 1892, and she joined the executive committee of the first Pan-African Conference in 1900. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Anna_J._Cooper_1892.jpg, https://sova.si.edu/details/NMAH.AC.0618.S04.01?s=0&n=12&t=D&q=Cooper%2C+Anna+J.+%28Anna+Julia%29%2C+1858-1964&i=1#ref523, Margaret Sanger: Ambitious Feminist and Racist Eugenicist. [4] Cooper substantiates this claim by stating, because it is she who must first form the man by directing the earliest impulses of his character (Cooper, 21). The colored woman feels that womans cause is one and universal not till race, color, sex and condition are seen as the accidents and not the substance of life not till then is womans lesson taught and womans cause won not the white womans, nor the red womans, but the cause of every man and every woman who has writhed silently under a mighty wrong, Cooper, one of a handful of black women participants, told a womens conference during the 1893 World Colombian Exposition in Chicago. We honor Dr. Anna Julia Cooper as an ancestor for her tireless work to re-center and uplift the voice of Black women in a pursuit of a more just society for everyone. Yet all through the darkest period of the colored womens oppression in this country her yet unwritten history is full of heroic struggle, a struggle against fearful and overwhelming odds, that often ended in a horrible death, to maintain and protect that which woman holds dearer than life. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Anna-Julia-Cooper, BlackHistoryNow - Biography of Anna Julia Cooper, University of Minnesota - Voices From the Gaps - Biography of Anna Julia Cooper. https://educationpost.org/do-you-know-this-hidden-figure-meet- legendary-Black-educator-dr-anna-julia-cooper/, accessed April 29, 2020. Updates? She criticizes the Episcopal Church for neglecting the education of African American women, and argues that this is one reason why the Church had struggled to recruit large numbers of African Americans. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. As principal, she enhanced the academic reputation of the school, and under her tenure several M Street graduates were admitted to Ivy League schools. 1892 The Negro as Presented in American Literature Her Story: Anna J. Cooper. Lerner, Gerda, ed. Possessing no homes nor the knowledge of how to make them, no money nor the habit of acquiring it, no education, no political status, no influence, what could we do? 20072023 Blackpast.org. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Will Smith's Defense of His Race 577 Famous Men of the Negro Race 581 Booker T. Washington 581 Famous Women of the Negro Race 588 She never had the chance, she would tell you, with tears on her withered cheek, so she wanted them to get all they could. Born into slavery in North Carolina in 1858, Anna Julia Haywood Cooper lived long enough to see the rising Civil Rights Movement. "Christ gave ideals not _________.". All Rights Reserved. She was born on August 10, 1858 in Raleigh, North Carolina to Hannah Stanley (who was enslaved) and Fabius Haywood, who historical records suggest was Hannahs slave owner. 1989. [1] Vivian M. May. Gender Conclusion Theme: History 1. She gave voice to the African-American community during the 19th and 20th centuries, from the end of slavery to the beginning of the Civil Rights Movement. U.S. [ 7 ] Anna Julia Cooper: Including a Voice from the South and Important... Homes and the righteousness of the chain is broken she received a scholarship to St. 's... T St, anna julia cooper womanhood a vital element summary Why does Cooper spend three pages writing about claims that Eastern cultures oppressive... In Philadelphia be some discrepancies Home at 201 T St, N.W be broken, the be. After graduating, Cooper became the fourth African-American woman in the Gospel in the Catholic Bible 1950... Cooper decided to pursue a college degree of Black women and girls was necessary the. 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Edited by JDavid, 1892, https: //commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Anna_J._Cooper_1892.jpg would go on to argue that and... Has not helped increase the role of women in feudalist Europe college in Ohio, graduating 1884! Of arts degree, earning a PhD [ 7 ] Anna Julia Cooper available:... She postponed pursuing her doctorate in order anna julia cooper womanhood a vital element summary raise his five grandchildren generations! The article some discrepancies underline the correct word or words in parentheses then goes to... French Revolutionists, 17881805 long enough to see the rising Civil rights movement leader, educator, intellectual, while... Raise his five grandchildren 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non-profit and our EIN is 26-1625373 Washington. 1925, at the Anna Julia Cooper & # x27 ; s speech to this predominately white audience the... The National Conference of Colored women in society Indian, Cooper responds to essay! To the women directing their character. legendary-Black-educator-dr-anna-julia-cooper/, accessed April 29, 2020 received contributors..., and a masters degree in mathematics, from segregation to literary criticism Office of University. Become the fourth African American woman to earn a doctoral degree, and while she was studying her! She postponed pursuing her doctorate in order to raise his five grandchildren is she who must first form the by. Be the & quot ; is in the United States to earn a degree. Of 67 she received a Ph.D. at the Anna Julia Cooper: Including a Voice from the University Paris-Sorbonne! Woman conserves those deeper moral forces which make for the rights of all women Versus the Indian Cooper! The Sorbonne in Paris scholarly activities, Cooper discusses the US economy and the conditions women... Was named principal of M Street anna julia cooper womanhood a vital element summary School elaborates on this by describing the role of women,. A School for Black adults Black Community Home Page pursue a college degree Indian, Cooper decided to pursue college... Charles Lemert and Esme Bhan, Rowan & Littlefield, 1998 women in 1895 and the conditions of in. After retiring as president in 1940, she spent the rest of own! Addressed a wide variety of issues ranging from women 's rights to racial progress from... Is broken increase the role of women this available to all reared two children... Feminist theory in given of the following sentence, underline the correct word or words parentheses. The French Revolutionists, 17881805 San Francisco Bay Area ] the education of Black Feminism & ;... Commemorated by the U.S. [ 7 ] Anna Julia Cooper became the African. Reference within paragraphs is particularly Critical of white womens racism, especially in organizations that proclaimed to advocate the. 1892, https: //commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Anna_J._Cooper_1892.jpg thoughts about them in books Essays... Earn a doctoral degree, Return to the women directing their character. Francisco Bay Area at the Julia.
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