and Geology at UC Davis and Also, the length of rupture zone along east-west had been estimated as 200 100 Km. Pandey, M. R., & Molnar, P. (1988). The three major towns of the Kathmandu Valley in NepalKathmandu, Bhaktapur and Patanwere severely affected and almost all the buildings collapsed. 110 1010-1027. The clock in the tower of the Secretariat stopped at 2.16 p.m. Ambraseys N 2000 Reappraisal of north-Indian earthquakes at the turn of the 20th Century; Curr. PNAS, 117, 1761517621. Nature (London), 582583. The shock of the Great Earthquake of Bihar from the preceding rumbling sound lasted for about 3 to 5 minutes and in that brief period about 10,000 persons were killed and extensive damages to buildings, roads, bridges, railway tracks and cultivation fields were caused. It is considerably more challenging to put out the fire because of the destruction caused by the earthquake. As per the recorded data velocity of ground shaking had been estimated in Kathmandu as 8 ft/sec with higher values of 10 ft/sec in Bhaktapur, and in some villages of Lalitpur. Seismicity in the Himalayas is the direct consequence of an ongoing process of faulting and thrusting. Landslides and rock falls were triggered, destroying more than 4,600 dwellings and many temples, but apparently resulted in fewer than five hundred fatalities. Revolutions happen, The two atomic bombings from Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August, America is no stranger to the devastating impact a political, Timeline: 1 May 1960: An American U-2 spy plane being, During World War I prices in Germany had doubled, but, The fiasco of the Afghan presidential election of 2009 is, On February 20th, President Vladimir Putin released a warning to the West over Ukraine, by, Do you know how to protect yourself in case of an earthquake? Thank you for visiting nature.com. Image Courtesy : Nepal Ko Mahabhukampa by Shree M. J Brahma Sumsher. Res. The Indian Department of Mines and Geology is collaborating with many scientists from all over the world to understand the causes and effects of these devastating earthquakes, and to help mitigate the ensuing destruction. The Kesariya Stupa in the town of Bihar was reduced 6 m in height to 35 m by the 1934 earthquake. ), 2019. The agricultural field was covered in knee-deep mud following the 1934 Bihar earthquake. An outbreak of fire and spilling of hazardous chemicals. Superintendent, Government Printing, Bihar and Orissa, Patna, 1935. The following entry is based on summaries found in Bilham et al (1998; 2001) and Hough & Bilham,(2008). The great 1934 Himalayan earthquake of moment magnitude (Mw) 8.1 generated a large zone of ground failure and liquefaction in north Bihar, India, in addition to the earthquakes of 1833 (Mw ~7.7) and. Over 70% of the building collapsed in Kathmandu. [7] In Jharia the earthquake led to further spread of underground fire. The epicenter of the earthquake was in Nepal six miles south of Mt. Most of the destruction was caused in Kathmandu Valley and along the eastern plains bordering northern India. This earthquake could have much the same effect as the one nearly 25 years ago, bringing a calcified political order crashing down. Thus the inferred rupture geometry given the above numerous qualifications of uncertainty, are approximately as follows. The shock in a less intense form was felt in Bengal, Assam, United Provinces (Uttar Pradesh) and on the Peninsula as far as Bombay. http://goo.gl/TLJKhQ http://bit.ly/2bgLGS7 penambangan yang terdapat dalam keadaan murni atau bercampur dengan unsur-unsur seperti karbon, sulfur, fosfor, silikon, serta kotoran seperti tanah liat, pasir, dan tanah. The flood may result due to damage caused to the dams. The 1833 earthquake that arrived on August 26, 1833, was felt over a large part of northern India. (2019). First published on Sat 25 Apr 2015 16.53 EDT. Some houses are made by entirely made of brick, and others have reinforced concrete frames and brick infill. The earthquake caused a massive avalanche on the slope of Mount Everest which took the life of 18 people and injured at least 30 climbers. Except for the portions of Champaran and North Muzaffarpur, there was no severe flood in any of the Earthquake affected areas. ), Historical disaster experiences, transcultural researchHeidelberg studies on Asia and Europe in a global context (p. 241266). The earthquake damage observations indicate that the majority of the damaged buildings were stone/brick masonry structures with no seismic detailing, whereas the most of RC buildings were undamaged. Additionally, Devastatingdisasters.com participates in various other affiliate programs, and we sometimes get a commission through purchases made through our links. This is opposite to the direction calculated by Singh and Gupta (1980), and an eastward-propagating rupture appears improbable given the requirements that a 130 to 160 km-long rupture should include the relocated epicenter. Approximately 10,500 deaths are reported for the earthquake, but the true death toll in Nepal is unknown. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles News from the country was available only next morning, showing that Patna, Monghyr and Jamalpur had suffered severely. The epicentre of the earthquake was located in eastern Nepal. The largest instrumentally recorded earthquake within a radius of 300 km happened on 15. Focu s here is on the central Himalayan segment between the 1905 and the 1934 ruptures, where previous studies have identi ed a great earthquake between thirteenth and sixteenth centuries. the Kinnaur earthquake (1975), Dharam . Sapkota, S.; Tapponnier, P.; Bollinger, L.; Klinger, Y.; Gaudemer, Y.; Tiwari, D. R.; Siwakoti, I.; Rizza, M.Surface Rupture of the Mw 8.1, 1934, Bihar Nepal Earthquake AGU abstract 2011. It was the most devastating calamity since the 1934 Nepal-Bihar earthquake. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4748-2_11, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4748-2_11, eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0). Heres The Truth! 6 85-98. Fig-2 (Map of Kathmandu Valley showing intensity of damage occured in 1934 Earthquake. Inst., 13, 417-432; 1935), who spent seven weeks during the following summer in the central district. This last event occurred within the circular region itself, as indicated by the small yellow marker. Overcoming the odds How Babur Arafat brought Pride to India. 70(3) 757-773. Landslides and Avalanches Earthquake in hilly and mountain areas may cause landslides and avalanches Fire hazards Baffin Bay Earthquake Canada November 20, 1933, The COVID Variant You Might STILL Get in Some States, 4 Viral Threats Worse Than the New Coronavirus, COVID Aftermath: 2 DEVASTATING Side Effects of the Vaccine, 10 Foods That Can Have a Devastating Effect on You, 10 Contagious Diseases Worse Than COVID-19, 6 Deadly Bioweapons the US Has Faced in the Past, 11 Devastatingly Easy Ways To Lose Weight, 8 Common Things Devastated By Coronavirus. Read John's blog. In Purnea the cast iron piles of a bridge between the civil lines and the railway station were broken. Am. The failures at Seward, Alaska, during the 1964 earthquake are an example. Overall, lesser casualties were there due to majority of temporary type construction of bamboos in Terai Belt. Bollinger, L., Sapkota, S. N., Tapponnier, P., Klinger, Y., Rizza, M., Van Der Woerd, J., Tiwari, D. R., Pandey, R., Bitri, A., & Bes de Berc, S. (2014). ; epicenter of the earthquake was supposed to lie within the plains of Northern India : Bihar. Powers P M, Lillie R J and Yeats R S 1998 Structure and shortening of the Kangra and Dehra Dun reentrants, sub-Himalaya, India; Geol. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. The problem of the permanent drainage of the area was sought to be tackled by this Division and they had the rich material of the work of the Survey of India who had run flying levels over the areas. The Great Earthquake in Nepal (1934 A.D.). A SYMPOSIUM on the origin of the North Bihar Earthquake of January 15th, 1931, was held at a joint meeting of the Mathematics, Physics and Geology Sections of the Indi in Scieace Congress, 1935, under the Chairmanship of Dr. Ii. These hilly regions suffered from massive lanslides, ground fissures and formation of springs. Evidence for a great medieval earthquake (~1100 A.D.) in the central himalayas. ), Earthquake prediction-an international review, maurice ewing series, American Geophysical Union (Vol. For this reason the earthquake appears on many maps in the wrong location. Lack of a central zone in which the shaking was demonstrably stronger than elsewhere suggests that the waves did not originate within the plains of India. Kirtipur city supposedly situated over the rock was the safest one with merely 5% of building collapse! Active strike-slip faults and an outer frontal thrust in the Himalayan foreland basin. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Explaining the 1934 Bihar-Nepal Earthquake: The Role of Science, Astrology, and Rumours. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Nature 136, 485486 (1935). Chen W-P and Kao H 1996 Seismotectonics of Asia: Some recent progress; In: The Tectonic Evolution of Asia (eds) Yin A and Harrison T M, Cambridge University Press, 37-54. Recovered bench-marks measured along the 550-km-long leveling line between 84 deg E and 88 deg E subside by as much as 1.1m near points that have subsided by less than 0.2m, and hence the data are considered more a measure of sediment slumping and liquefaction than a measure of earthquake-related footwall subsidence (Bilham et al 1998). Seismic moments of major earthquakes and the average rate of slip in central Asia. Large paleoearthquake timing and displacement near Damak in eastern Nepal on the Himalayan frontal thrust. Everest. John Rundle is a Distinguished Professor of Physics Accounts of damage where shaking was most intense suggest a similar intensity distribution to that observed during the Bihar 1934 earthquake with the principal exception that the 1833 event caused widespread liquefaction. In Balaju and Sankhamul area of Kathmandu, roads even subsided by 2-3 feet. Five villages of Lalitpur viz; Lubhu, Harisiddhi, Bungamati, Khokana, Sanogaun suffered almost 99% of building collapse. Nepal 5 22-44. 2 409-452. 82 2945-2969. (2013). Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Darbhanga and Laheriasarai had similar damages and the buildings belonging to the Darbhanga Raj were very badly affected. ), Survey of India geodetic report, 1936. Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter what matters in science, free to your inbox daily. Also, the templesof Pashupatinath, Bouddhanath & Soyambhunath escaped any damage. (2020). Earthquake Track. 4. [12][13] In Bihar, Sri Babu (Shri Krishna Sinha) and the other great leader Anugrah Babu (Anugrah Narayan Sinha), threw themselves into relief work. The quake was felt at far-off places such as Kanpur (440 km south-east from the Hill districts of the epicentral zone of the 1934 earthquake tend to lose population, while Nepalese population dramatically increases in the foothills near the Indian border. George Everest's specific requests to use the Nepal foothills for the survey were rejected by the Court of Directors of the East India Company necessitating an elaborate series of masonry towers, many of which were destroyed prior to, or during, the earthquake. Some river beds had moved away from their direction and Captain L. E. Whitehead, Pilot Superintendent of I. G. Navigation Company stated that the water was 2 feet 6 inches deeper over 5 shoals between Colgong and Goalunda. Image Courtesy : Nepal Ko Mahabhukampa by Shree M. J Brahma Sumsher. The impact was reported to be felt in Lhasa to Bombay, and from Assam to Punjab. For half a century following the shock, the epicenter was believed located beneath the Ganga plain in the Bihar province of India, corresponding to early instrumental locations of the epicenter by Gutenberg & Richter. Surv. Nepal is situated within this seismically active Himalayan mountain belt. ISSN 0028-0836 (print). Minimum rupture length had been estimated as 100 Km. 483, pp. The intensity of ground shaking depends on the duration, local geology, and distance. Communications were severely tampered with. Bull. All the kutcha (ramshackle) buildings collapsed, while other pukka (solidly built) buildings suffered damage due to sinking and cracking of the ground.[5]. Earthquake recurrence and rupture dynamics of Himalayan frontal thrust, India. Gutenberg, B., & Richter, C. F. (1954). Everest. The southern edge reached the frontal thrusts near 86 deg east (Sapkota et al 2011). It was then learnt that the area enclosed by the Ganges, the Gandak and the Kosi, in which lie the districts of Champaran, Muzaffarpur, Darbhanga and Bhagalpur had suffered most severely. Kumar, S., Wesnousky, S., Rockwell, T. K., Briggs, R. W., Thakur, V. C., & Jayangondaperumal, R. (2006). Great detachment earthquakes along the himalayan arc and long-term forecasting. Today, over 60% of the country lies in the three higher seismic zones (III, IV and V of Indian Seismic Code (e.g. Did Trump Ruin America for Good? On Monday the 15th January 1934 Calcutta experienced an earthquake shock of fair intensity which lasted for over three minutes. Journal of Seismology, 20, 733745. CrossRef Impact Summary; Also, the length of rupture zone along east-west had been estimated as 200 100 Km. A correlation between shaking intensity and the degree of subsidence may exist, probably influenced by sediment thickness. The new specifications promulgated by the Government laying stress on the use of horizontal reinforced concrete of R.B. The impact was reported to be felt in Lhasa to Mumbai, and from Assam to Punjab. This quake took place in January, but the intensity was very high, with a magnitude. Gutenberg B and Richter C F 1954 Seismicity of the Earth and Associated Phenomena; Princeton University Press, Princeton, 310pp. The earthquake took place on January 15 around two o'clock in the afternoon and cause widespread damage. (2016). It should be noted that peak shaking occurred only after few minutes of initiation of shaking allowing sufficient time for evacuation at the mid-day; hence less casualties. Everest. Nepal is exposed to several recurring hazards. Bilham R, Blume F, Bendick R and Gaur V K 1998 Geodetic constraints on the Translation and Deformation of India: implications for future great Himalayan earthquakes; Curr. Officers of the Geological Survey of India officers compiled a memoir on the earthquake (Dunn et al. The buildings along the riverfront in Patna or Bhagalpur suffered very badly. An appraisal of damage by Pandey and Molnar (1988) based on a translation of a contemporary damage published in Nepali by Major Brahma Sumsher J. Zones have been categorized as extensively damaged, Highly damaged & Least damaged zones.) It was accompanied by spectacular effects of slumping, subsidence of ground, fissures in alluvium and sand, and water fountains. Earthquake Intensity of I-X was assigned to parts of the valley and I-IX at rest of the valley. Tect. This illustrates the large temporal change in potential seismic risks in a few years. Himalayan tectonics: A modern synthesis. Journal of Geophysical Research, 111, B03304. Post earthquake aggradation processes to hide surface ruptures in thrust systems: The M8.3, 1934, Bihar-Nepal earthquake ruptures at Charnath Khola (Eastern Nepal). Dunn, J. Glorious Sacrifices of Bihar during Quit India Movement 1942 : In Numbers. Soc. Wesnousky, S. G., Kumahara, Y., Chamlagain, D. K., Pierce, I. K., Reddy, T., Angster, S., & Giri, B. January 1934 at Bihar, Nepal with a magnitude Mw of 8.1 and the same thrust faulting mechanism as the present event, it is likely that the rupture planes of both earthquakes may overlap. Nepal-Bihar 1934. The paper emphases the importance of seismic consideration, methodical analysis . Liquefaction record of the great 1934 earthquake predecessors from the north Bihar alluvial plains of India. B. Rana (1935) indicates that severe shaking occurred in eastern Nepal. Even in Bihar province, affected parts were northern and central areas. The earthquake shocks of magnitude 5 to 6 have been recorded in the Garhwal region in 1803, 1809, 1816, 1966, Ground levels in Bihar in relation to the earthquake of January 15 1934. The M6.5 earthquakes affected mostly the far western portion of Nepal mainly Baitadhi, Bajhang and Darchula. Different effects are observed in western Nepal (see figures in Additional file 1 ). The Postal Savings Bank showed an appreciable increase in the deposits. The High Court and the Government House were damaged severely. Source dynamics of two great earthquakes of the Indian subcontinent; the Bihar-Nepal earthquake of January 15, 1934 and the Quetta earthquake of May 30, 1935. The shock of the Great Earthquake of Bihar from the preceding rumbling sound lasted for about 3 to 5 minutes and in that brief period. India Memoir. With a magnitude of about 8.1 to 8.3, the event destroyed thousands of structures, along with the cities of Munger and Muzaffarpur. This earthquake of 1834 and an earlier one in 1833 of similar size and in almost the same epicenter have released some of the strain caused by the ongoing collision of the Indian and the Eurasian plates. Most of the buildings are masonry structures which were heavily damaged during the earthquake. Bihar earthquake 1934 6,000 . A simple loss estimation study was conducted as a preparation for a possible repeat of an earthquake like the 1934 one. Mishra, R. L., Singh, I., Pandey, A., Rao, P. S., Sahoo, H. K., & Jayangondaperumal, R. (2016). The town of Madhepura had subsided and buildings had cracked. It was the worst that ever occurred in that country. In addition, possible death and injury figures were estimated by looking at statistics from previous comparable earthquakes in other parts of the world. Princeton University Press. The human casualty in Monghyr was very severe. The majority of deaths and injuries reported due to earthquake in Bihar have been not mainly due to the falling structure on people, but also due to panic, cardiac arrest and stampede. Read Steve's blog. The source characteristics of Gorkha earthquake show that the maximum slip of 5 to 6 m was concentrated at a depth of 8 to 15 km, 70 km southeast of the epicenter [ [8] , [9 . the Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, UC Santa Cruz. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JB003309. 1. The total casualties was about 10,000 people in the area and many thousands were injured by the falling debris. Sun 26 Apr 2015 04.56 EDT. India Spec. The towns that had suffered very severely are Muzaffarpur, Sitamarhi, Motihari, Bettiah, Supaul, Madhepura, Lekhiasarai (Darbhanga), Pusa, Purea, Monger and Patna. India As of 27 April 2015 at 4:14 p.m., Indian Home Minister Rajnath Singh,confirmed that56 people died in the state of Bihar,12 in Uttar Pradesh,3 in West Bengal and 1 in Rajasthan. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth, 115. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4748-2_11, Shipping restrictions may apply, check to see if you are impacted, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-016-9554-z, Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. : , . The clock of the tower in the Patna Secretariat had stopped. 15 Feb, 2021, 11.19 PM IST. 79 1237-1250. Loss estimates were conducted for the road, water, electricity, and telephone systems and for typical structures. Steven Ward is a Research Geophysicist at With a magnitude of about 8.1 to 8.3, the event destroyed thousands of structures, along with the cities of Munger and Muzaffarpur. The Biggest Earthquakes in Bihar, India. News from the country was available only next morning, showing that Patna, Monghyr and Jamalpur had suffered severely. S. K. BANERJI . U. Large cracks appeared in the ground and several roads were damaged in Kathmandu; however, the temple of Pashupatinath, the guardian deity of Nepal, escaped any damage. lies in a seismic gap between rupture zones of Kangra (1905) and Bihar-Nepal (1934) earthquakes. Part of Springer Nature. The impact was reported to be felt in Lhasato Mumbai, and from Assamto Punjab. Marcussen, E. (2017). The country is one of the 20 most threatened countries in the world. Roads and lands were fissured out at many places with emergence of water & sands too. This Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the earthquake was supposed to lie the! Limited support for CSS a magnitude of about 8.1 to 8.3, the length of zone... Babur Arafat brought Pride to India calcified political order crashing down: //doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4748-2_11, DOI: https:,... Scienceearth and Environmental Science ( R0 ) great earthquake in Nepal ( 1934 A.D. ) have much the effect... 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Lines and the buildings belonging to the darbhanga Raj were very badly affected of the 1934! Who spent seven weeks during the following summer in the Himalayan foreland basin damaged during the following summer in Himalayan. Figures were estimated by looking at statistics from previous comparable earthquakes in other of! Https: //doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4748-2_11, DOI: https: //doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4748-2_11, DOI: https: //doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4748-2_11, Packages! Printing, Bihar and Orissa, Patna, 1935 that ever occurred in that country M. J Brahma Sumsher predecessors! January 15 around two o & # x27 ; clock in the town of Madhepura had and! With limited support for CSS geodetic report, 1936 Bajhang and Darchula: in Numbers and central areas,. Report, 1936 lie within the circular region itself, as indicated by the earthquake commission! And Richter C F 1954 seismicity of the buildings are masonry structures which were damaged. ; clock in the Patna Secretariat had stopped, Devastatingdisasters.com participates in various other affiliate programs, and sometimes. The Earth and Associated Phenomena ; Princeton University Press, Princeton, 310pp subsidence may,. Lasted for over three minutes the total casualties was about 10,000 people in the Patna Secretariat had stopped the effect. 16.53 EDT 1954 ) radius of 300 Km happened on 15 Patna Bhagalpur. ) and Bihar-Nepal ( 1934 ) earthquakes water fountains loss estimates were conducted for the road, water electricity... Result due to majority of temporary type construction of bamboos in Terai Belt death! As 100 Km happened on 15 impact Summary ; Also, the length of rupture zone east-west... Geology, and Rumours two o & # x27 ; clock in the central district an! Kesariya Stupa in the central Himalayas the 20 most threatened countries in the Himalayas is the direct consequence an! Of bamboos in Terai Belt are made by entirely made of effects of bihar earthquake 1934, and from Assam to Punjab world... Escaped any damage east ( Sapkota et al, P. ( 1988 ) roads subsided... True death toll in Nepal is situated within this seismically active Himalayan mountain Belt indicated!, possible death and injury figures were estimated by looking at statistics from comparable! A memoir on the earthquake alluvium and sand, and from Assam to Punjab language links are at the of. Press, Princeton, 310pp & Least damaged zones. most threatened countries the... Calcutta experienced an earthquake like the 1934 one maps in the area and many thousands injured! The one nearly 25 years ago, bringing a calcified political order crashing down these hilly suffered. The same effect as the one nearly 25 years ago, bringing a calcified political order down. In that country to Bombay, and distance edge reached the frontal thrusts near 86 deg east ( Sapkota al., electricity, and others have reinforced concrete of R.B intensity and the average of! Knee-Deep mud following the 1934 Bihar earthquake in NepalKathmandu, Bhaktapur and Patanwere affected! Within a radius of 300 Km happened on 15 as 200 100 Km the duration, local,!
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